What is Calf Coccidiosis? Understanding the Silent Threat

Calf coccidiosis, a disease that often flies under the radar until it’s too late, is a significant challenge for livestock producers worldwide. At its core, coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by microscopic parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria. These single-celled organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, particularly in areas where cattle are housed. While adult cattle may carry a low level of these parasites without showing significant symptoms, young, unvaccinated calves are incredibly vulnerable. Their developing immune systems are no match for the rapid replication of Eimeria oocysts (eggs) that are shed in the feces of infected animals. Once ingested, these oocysts hatch in the small intestine, where they invade the intestinal lining, causing damage and inflammation. This damage directly impairs the calf's ability to absorb nutrients, leading to a cascade of health problems.

The life cycle of the Eimeria parasite is a critical factor in understanding how coccidiosis spreads. Oocysts are shed in the feces of infected calves. These oocysts are environmentally resistant and can survive for extended periods, especially in moist, warm conditions. When a susceptible calf ingests these oocysts, the parasite undergoes several developmental stages within the intestinal cells. This process, known as schizogony, involves the parasite multiplying within the host cells, eventually rupturing them and releasing more parasites to infect neighboring cells. This repeated cycle of invasion and destruction leads to significant damage to the intestinal villi, the finger-like projections responsible for nutrient absorption. The severity of the disease depends on several factors, including the number of oocysts ingested, the specific Eimeria species involved, and the calf's overall health and immune status. It’s a silent invasion, often progressing unnoticed until clinical signs become apparent, by which time the damage may already be substantial.

Understanding the specific Eimeria species that affect calves is also crucial. While several species can cause coccidiosis, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii are often considered the most pathogenic, meaning they are most likely to cause severe disease. These species have a more complex life cycle and cause more extensive damage to the intestinal lining. Other species, like Eimeria crandallis and Eimeria ellipsoidalis, can also contribute to the disease, though often with less severe clinical manifestations. The presence of multiple species in a herd can complicate diagnosis and treatment, as different species may have varying sensitivities to anticoccidial drugs. This complexity underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to managing coccidiosis, one that considers the entire parasitic lifecycle and the calf's physiological state.

The Devastating Impact of Coccidiosis on Young Calves

The consequences of a coccidiosis outbreak in a calf operation can be far-reaching and profoundly detrimental. It’s not just about a few sick calves; it’s about the overall health, productivity, and profitability of the entire herd. The primary impact is on the calf's digestive system. The damage inflicted by the Eimeria parasites leads to severe diarrhea, often bloody, which is the most visible sign of the disease. This diarrhea results in rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, weakening the calf significantly. Furthermore, the compromised intestinal lining hinders nutrient absorption, meaning even if the calf consumes feed, it cannot efficiently utilize it for growth and development. This leads to stunted growth, poor weight gain, and a general lack of vigor.

Economic Losses: More Than Just Sick Calves

The economic ramifications of calf coccidiosis are substantial. Firstly, there are the direct costs associated with treatment. Medications, veterinary consultations, and the labor involved in caring for sick calves all add up. Then there are the indirect costs, which can be even more significant. Reduced weight gain means calves take longer to reach market weight, increasing the cost of feed per pound of gain. Poor growth rates can also impact future reproductive performance in heifers. In severe cases, mortality rates can be high, representing a direct loss of investment. Furthermore, calves that survive a coccidiosis infection often have a weakened immune system, making them more susceptible to other diseases, such as pneumonia, which further increases treatment costs and reduces overall productivity. The long-term effects on growth and development can also impact the lifetime productivity of the animal, creating a ripple effect throughout the operation.

Consider the scenario of a dairy farm. Calves are the future of the herd. If coccidiosis significantly impacts their growth and development, it can delay their first calving, reduce their milk production potential, and even affect their longevity in the herd. For beef operations, slower growth rates directly translate to longer finishing times and reduced profitability. The cost of replacing animals lost to mortality or culling due to chronic ill-health due to coccidiosis can be a significant drain on resources. The market value of calves that have experienced severe coccidiosis may also be lower, even if they recover, due to lingering effects on their growth and overall health. It’s a complex web of financial impacts that highlights the critical importance of effective coccidiosis control.

Animal Welfare Concerns: The Ethical Imperative

Beyond the economic impact, calf coccidiosis raises significant animal welfare concerns. The symptoms of the disease – bloody diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, and abdominal pain – are indicative of considerable suffering. Calves experiencing these symptoms are clearly distressed and uncomfortable. The inability to absorb nutrients leads to emaciation and weakness, making them vulnerable and unable to thrive. Providing effective treatment and prevention strategies is not only good business practice but also an ethical responsibility for any livestock producer. Ensuring the health and well-being of young animals is paramount, and coccidiosis directly challenges this commitment. The focus on humane treatment and minimizing suffering is a growing expectation within the agricultural industry, and effective coccidiosis management is a key component of this.

The stress and discomfort associated with coccidiosis can have long-lasting effects on a calf's behavior and overall temperament. Animals that experience significant illness early in life may be more prone to stress later on, potentially impacting their productivity and ease of handling. Addressing coccidiosis effectively contributes to a more humane and sustainable farming system, aligning with consumer expectations and the broader ethical considerations of animal husbandry. The goal is to raise healthy, robust animals, and coccidiosis stands as a significant barrier to achieving this objective. It’s about more than just preventing death; it’s about ensuring calves have the opportunity to grow and develop without unnecessary suffering.

Traditional Treatments: A Look Back at What We Knew

For many years, the primary approach to managing calf coccidiosis relied on a combination of management practices and the use of anticoccidial drugs. These traditional methods, while offering some level of control, often had limitations that paved the way for the development of more advanced solutions. The understanding of coccidiosis in the past was less sophisticated, and treatments were often reactive rather than proactive. The focus was largely on treating clinical cases as they arose, rather than implementing comprehensive prevention programs.

Sulfa Drugs: The Early Workhorses

Sulfa drugs, also known as sulfonamides, were among the earliest and most widely used treatments for coccidiosis in cattle. These drugs work by interfering with the folic acid synthesis pathway in the Eimeria parasite, a process essential for its survival and reproduction. Sulfa drugs were often administered orally, either in feed or water, or sometimes via injection. They were effective to a degree, particularly in reducing the severity of clinical signs and mortality in affected calves. However, their efficacy was often limited by the development of drug resistance. Over time, strains of Eimeria became less sensitive to sulfa drugs, requiring higher doses or leading to treatment failures.

The administration of sulfa drugs also presented challenges. Ensuring adequate intake by all calves in a group could be difficult, and improper dosing could lead to either under-treatment (and thus resistance development) or over-treatment (and potential toxicity). Furthermore, sulfa drugs could sometimes have side effects, such as reduced feed intake or diarrhea in some calves, which could exacerbate the existing problems. Despite these limitations, sulfa drugs played a crucial role in the early management of coccidiosis and provided valuable insights into the parasitic life cycle and potential therapeutic interventions.

Ionophores: A Step Forward

Ionophores, such as monensin and lasalocid, represented a significant advancement in coccidiosis control. These compounds, typically added to calf feed, work by disrupting the ion balance across the cell membranes of the Eimeria parasite. This disruption interferes with essential metabolic processes, ultimately leading to the parasite's death. Ionophores were found to be highly effective in preventing coccidiosis, particularly when administered as a feed additive from an early age. They were also found to have a broader spectrum of activity against different Eimeria species compared to some of the earlier sulfa drugs.

The advantage of ionophores lay in their preventative nature. By continuously providing a low level of the drug in the feed, they could effectively suppress the development of the parasite before clinical signs appeared. This proactive approach helped to reduce the incidence of disease and improve overall calf health and growth. However, ionophores are not without their own considerations. They are generally not considered therapeutic for calves already showing clinical signs of coccidiosis, and their use requires careful management to avoid toxicity. Moreover, the potential for resistance development, while perhaps slower than with some other drug classes, remained a concern.

Limitations of Older Methods: Why We Needed More

Despite the contributions of sulfa drugs and ionophores, traditional methods of coccidiosis control had inherent limitations. One of the most significant was the development of drug resistance. As parasites are exposed to anticoccidials repeatedly, natural selection favors those individuals that are less susceptible, leading to populations that are increasingly resistant to the drugs. This meant that treatments that were once highly effective gradually lost their potency, necessitating a constant search for new and improved solutions. The reliance on a limited number of drug classes also made the industry vulnerable to resistance development across the board.

Another limitation was the often reactive nature of treatment. While ionophores offered a preventative approach, many other treatments were administered only after calves began showing signs of illness. By this point, significant intestinal damage may have already occurred, making recovery more challenging and increasing the risk of long-term growth impairment. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these older treatments could be variable, influenced by factors such as the specific Eimeria species present, the level of parasite challenge, and the overall health and nutritional status of the calves. The need for more reliable, broadly effective, and less prone to resistance treatments became increasingly apparent, driving innovation in the field.

Breakthrough Treatments: The New Era of Calf Health

The challenges posed by traditional coccidiosis treatments spurred significant research and development, leading to the emergence of truly breakthrough solutions. These new approaches offer enhanced efficacy, improved safety profiles, and a more targeted mechanism of action, fundamentally changing how we manage this pervasive disease. The focus has shifted from simply treating symptoms to actively preventing infection and bolstering the calf's natural defenses. This new era is characterized by precision, innovation, and a deeper understanding of the parasite-host relationship.

Novel Anticoccidials: Precision Targeting

The development of novel anticoccidial drugs has been a cornerstone of this new era. These compounds are designed to target specific stages of the Eimeria life cycle with greater precision, offering improved efficacy and a reduced risk of resistance development compared to older drugs. Two prominent examples that have revolutionized calf coccidiosis management are toltrazuril and diclazuril.

Toltrazuril: A Game Changer

Toltrazuril is a triazinetrione derivative that has proven to be exceptionally effective against a broad spectrum of Eimeria species affecting cattle. Its mechanism of action involves disrupting the parasite's nuclear division and mitochondrial function, effectively halting its development at critical stages. What makes toltrazuril a breakthrough is its ability to act on all intracellular stages of the Eimeria life cycle, from the first-generation schizonts to the gametocytes. This comprehensive action means it can effectively clear infections even when administered after the parasite has begun its invasion of the intestinal cells.

Toltrazuril is typically administered orally as a suspension. Its high efficacy means that a single dose is often sufficient to control the infection, simplifying treatment protocols and reducing the stress on calves. Importantly, toltrazuril has demonstrated a lower propensity for resistance development compared to some older anticoccidials, offering a more sustainable long-term solution. Its safety profile is also favorable, with a wide therapeutic margin, meaning it can be administered at recommended doses without causing significant adverse effects in calves. This combination of broad-spectrum efficacy, multi-stage action, and favorable resistance profile has made toltrazuril a cornerstone of modern coccidiosis control programs.

Diclazuril: Another Powerful Ally

Diclazuril, another triazinetrione derivative, shares many of the beneficial characteristics of toltrazuril. It also targets multiple stages of the Eimeria life cycle, effectively disrupting the parasite's development and reproduction. Diclazuril is known for its potent anticoccidial activity and its ability to reduce oocyst shedding, thereby limiting the spread of infection within a herd. Like toltrazuril, it is typically administered orally and often requires only a single dose for effective treatment.

The efficacy of diclazuril against key pathogenic Eimeria species makes it a valuable tool for veterinarians and producers. Its mechanism of action is similar to toltrazuril, interfering with crucial cellular processes within the parasite. The development of resistance to diclazuril has also been observed to be slower than with older drug classes, contributing to its long-term utility. The availability of both toltrazuril and diclazuril provides producers with options, allowing for flexibility in treatment strategies and the potential to rotate drugs to further mitigate resistance development.

Vaccination Strategies: Proactive Protection

Beyond pharmaceutical interventions, vaccination strategies represent a significant leap forward in proactive coccidiosis control. While vaccines for coccidiosis in cattle are not as widespread as in poultry, research and development in this area are ongoing, and some promising options are emerging. The principle behind vaccination is to stimulate the calf's immune system to recognize and fight off the Eimeria parasite before it can cause significant damage. This involves exposing the calf to attenuated (weakened) or killed forms of the parasite, or specific antigens derived from the parasite, which trigger an immune response without causing disease.

A key advantage of vaccination is its potential to provide long-lasting immunity. By priming the calf's immune system, vaccines can offer protection against subsequent challenges, reducing the need for repeated drug treatments. This is particularly beneficial in environments with high parasite pressure. While the widespread availability and efficacy of cattle coccidiosis vaccines are still evolving, the concept represents a paradigm shift towards building inherent resilience in calves, moving away from a purely therapeutic approach. The development of effective vaccines would be a major breakthrough, offering a sustainable and potentially more cost-effective long-term solution.

Nutritional Support: Building Resilience from Within

While not a direct treatment, optimizing the nutritional status of calves is a critical component of modern coccidiosis management and a key factor in the success of any treatment strategy. A well-nourished calf has a stronger immune system and is better equipped to withstand parasitic challenges and recover from infection. Breakthrough approaches recognize the interconnectedness of nutrition and immunity.

This includes ensuring calves receive adequate levels of essential nutrients, such as protein, energy, vitamins (especially A, E, and B vitamins), and minerals (like selenium, zinc, and copper). These nutrients play vital roles in immune function, gut health, and tissue repair. Specific dietary strategies, such as providing highly digestible feedstuffs, ensuring adequate colostrum intake for passive immunity, and potentially supplementing with immune-modulating agents like probiotics, prebiotics, and specific amino acids, can significantly enhance a calf's ability to cope with coccidiosis. A robust nutritional program acts as a foundation, making calves less susceptible to the severe impacts of the disease and improving their response to therapeutic interventions.

Management Practices: The Foundation of Prevention

Even the most advanced treatments will falter without sound management practices. Breakthrough strategies emphasize a holistic approach, integrating effective treatments with robust management to create an environment that minimizes parasite challenge and maximizes calf health. This includes meticulous attention to hygiene, sanitation, and reducing overcrowding.

Key management practices include:

• Proper Sanitation: Regular cleaning and disinfection of calf housing, feeding equipment, and waterers are crucial to reduce the buildup of Eimeria oocysts.
• Dry Bedding: Keeping calves on dry, clean bedding is essential, as oocysts thrive in moist environments.
• Rotational Grazing: For pasture-raised calves, rotating pastures can help break the parasite life cycle and reduce exposure to high concentrations of oocysts.
• Segregation: Separating young, susceptible calves from older, potentially shedding animals can significantly reduce the risk of transmission.
• Stress Reduction: Minimizing stressors such as weaning, transportation, and abrupt dietary changes can help maintain a calf's immune status.

How These Breakthrough Treatments Work: The Science Behind the Success

The efficacy of modern coccidiosis treatments stems from a sophisticated understanding of the Eimeria parasite's life cycle and its interaction with the host. Unlike older drugs that might have had broader, less specific mechanisms, the new generation of anticoccidials are designed for precision, targeting critical developmental stages of the parasite with remarkable effectiveness.

Mechanism of Action: Toltrazuril's Precision Strike

Toltrazuril is a prime example of a targeted therapeutic. Its primary mechanism of action involves disrupting the parasite's intracellular development. Specifically, it interferes with the parasite's nuclear division (mitosis) and mitochondrial function. This means that as the Eimeria parasite attempts to replicate within the intestinal cells, toltrazuril inhibits these vital processes, preventing the formation of new parasites. It is particularly effective against the schizonts (asexual reproductive stages) and gametocytes (sexual reproductive stages) of the parasite.

By acting on multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle, toltrazuril offers a comprehensive approach to clearing the infection. It's not just about killing the mature parasites; it's about halting their reproduction and development at various points. This multi-stage action is a key reason for its high efficacy and its ability to resolve infections even when administered after the initial invasion of the intestinal lining. The disruption of mitochondrial function also impairs the parasite's energy production, further contributing to its demise. This precise targeting minimizes the impact on the host's cells while maximizing the effect on the parasite.

Mechanism of Action: Diclazuril's Broad Spectrum

Diclazuril operates through a similar mechanism to toltrazuril, also belonging to the triazinetrione class. It is highly effective against a broad spectrum of Eimeria species that commonly infect cattle. Diclazuril also targets multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle, including the asexual and sexual stages. Its action involves interfering with the parasite's cellular processes, leading to its death.

The precise molecular targets of diclazuril are believed to include enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism within the parasite. By disrupting these essential pathways, diclazuril prevents the parasite from completing its development and reproducing. This broad-spectrum activity and multi-stage targeting make it a powerful tool for controlling coccidiosis, reducing oocyst shedding, and preventing the clinical manifestations of the disease. The ability to effectively control multiple Eimeria species is a significant advantage in managing complex outbreaks.

Vaccine Efficacy: Training the Calf's Immune System

While the development of cattle coccidiosis vaccines is still an evolving field, the principle behind their efficacy is well-established in other species. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of the parasite, or specific antigenic components, to the calf's immune system. This exposure triggers an immune response, including the production of antibodies and the activation of cellular immunity, without causing disease.

Once the calf's immune system has been trained by the vaccine, it is better prepared to recognize and neutralize the actual Eimeria parasite if it encounters it in the environment. This means that even if a vaccinated calf ingests oocysts, its immune system can mount a rapid and effective defense, preventing the parasite from establishing a significant infection and causing disease. The goal is to induce a protective immune response that can neutralize the parasite at its early stages of development, thereby preventing intestinal damage and clinical signs. The efficacy of a vaccine is measured by its ability to reduce the incidence and severity of disease, as well as to decrease oocyst shedding.

Implementing New Strategies: A Practical Guide for Farmers

Adopting these breakthrough treatments and integrated strategies requires a practical, on-farm approach. It’s not enough to simply have access to new medications; producers need to understand how to best implement them for maximum benefit. This involves a combination of early detection, tailored treatment protocols, robust preventative measures, and a strong emphasis on biosecurity.

Early Detection: Catching Coccidiosis in its Tracks

The key to successful coccidiosis management, especially with newer treatments, is early detection. The sooner you can identify a potential problem, the more effective your interventions will be. This means being vigilant and observant of your calves.

Key indicators to watch for include:

• Diarrhea: While not always bloody in the early stages, any loose stool in young calves warrants attention.
• Reduced Appetite: Calves that are not eating or drinking as much as usual may be experiencing discomfort or illness.
• Lethargy: A noticeable lack of energy, reluctance to move, or a hunched posture can be signs of illness.
• Rough Coat: A dull, unkempt coat can indicate poor health.
• Abdominal Pain: Calves may appear restless, kick at their bellies, or have a tucked-up appearance.

Treatment Protocols: Tailoring the Approach

The breakthrough treatments, such as toltrazuril and diclazuril, are often administered as a single oral dose. However, the timing and specific protocol can vary depending on the farm's situation, the level of challenge, and veterinary recommendations. It’s essential to work closely with your veterinarian to develop a tailored treatment protocol.

Considerations for treatment protocols include:

• Age of Calves: The optimal age for treatment may vary, but often calves are treated preventatively around 3-4 weeks of age, or reactively when signs appear.
• Environmental Challenge: Farms with a history of high coccidiosis challenge may opt for a more aggressive preventative treatment schedule.
• Combination Therapy: In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend combining anticoccidial treatments with supportive care, such as electrolytes and fluids, to manage dehydration and restore gut health.
• Drug Rotation: To combat potential resistance, rotating between different classes of anticoccidials or using different drugs in different age groups can be a wise strategy.

Preventative Measures: Beyond Treatment

The most effective coccidiosis control programs are built on a foundation of strong preventative measures. While treatments are crucial for managing active infections, preventing exposure and building resilience are equally important.

Key preventative strategies include:

• Hygiene and Sanitation: This cannot be stressed enough. Cleanliness in calf housing, feeders, and waterers is paramount.
• Dry Bedding: Maintaining dry, comfortable bedding reduces the survival and transmission of oocysts.
• Proper Ventilation: Good airflow helps to keep bedding dry and reduces the buildup of ammonia, which can stress calves and compromise their immune systems.
• Adequate Nutrition: Ensuring calves receive a balanced diet that supports immune function is critical.
• Stress Management: Minimizing stressors during weaning, transport, and other management events helps maintain calf health.

Biosecurity: Fortifying Your Farm

Biosecurity refers to the measures taken to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases onto your farm. In the context of coccidiosis, robust biosecurity protocols are essential for protecting your calves.

Key biosecurity practices include:

• Controlling Access: Limiting the movement of people, vehicles, and animals onto your farm can prevent the introduction of new pathogens.
• Quarantine: New animals should be quarantined and monitored for signs of illness before being introduced to the main herd.
• Dedicated Equipment: Using dedicated equipment for calf housing and feeding can prevent the cross-contamination of pathogens.
• Worker Training: Educating farm staff on proper hygiene and biosecurity protocols is crucial.
• Pest Control: Rodents and insects can act as mechanical vectors for disease, so effective pest control is important.

Challenges and Future Directions in Calf Coccidiosis Management

While significant progress has been made in combating calf coccidiosis, challenges remain, and the field continues to evolve. The ongoing battle against this parasitic disease requires continuous adaptation, research, and a commitment to best practices.

Drug Resistance: The Ever-Present Threat

The specter of drug resistance is a constant concern in the management of any infectious or parasitic disease. As anticoccidial drugs are used, there is a natural selection pressure that favors parasites with genetic mutations conferring resistance. This means that drugs that are highly effective today may become less so in the future if not used judiciously.

To mitigate drug resistance, several strategies are employed:

• Responsible Drug Use: This includes using drugs only when necessary, adhering to correct dosages, and completing treatment courses.
• Drug Rotation: Alternating between different classes of anticoccidials can help to reduce the selection pressure for resistance to any single drug.
• Integrated Control Programs: Combining drug treatments with improved management, hygiene, and potentially vaccination offers a multi-pronged approach that reduces reliance on any single intervention.
• Monitoring: Regular monitoring of parasite populations for signs of reduced sensitivity to commonly used drugs is crucial for informed decision-making.

Research and Development: What's Next?

The fight against coccidiosis is an ongoing one, and research and development are critical for future advancements. Scientists are continually exploring new avenues for control and prevention.

Areas of active research include:

• New Anticoccidial Compounds: The search for novel drugs with different mechanisms of action continues, aiming to overcome existing resistance and provide new tools for treatment.
• Improved Vaccines: Developing more effective and widely available vaccines for cattle coccidiosis remains a high priority. This includes exploring different vaccine platforms and antigen combinations.
• Diagnostic Tools: Enhancing diagnostic capabilities to identify specific Eimeria species and their sensitivities to drugs can lead to more targeted and effective treatments.
• Host Genetics: Research into host genetics may identify breeds or individuals that are naturally more resistant to coccidiosis, opening possibilities for selective breeding.
• Microbiome Research: Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in modulating the host's response to coccidiosis could lead to novel therapeutic strategies, such as the use of specific probiotics or prebiotics.

Integrated Approaches: A Holistic View

The most successful coccidiosis management strategies are those that adopt an integrated, holistic approach. This means recognizing that no single intervention is a silver bullet. Instead, combining multiple strategies – including novel treatments, improved management practices, robust biosecurity, and optimal nutrition – creates a synergistic effect that is far more effective than any one component alone.

An integrated approach involves:

• Risk Assessment: Understanding the specific risk factors on your farm, such as stocking density, hygiene protocols, and historical disease prevalence.
• Proactive Planning: Developing a comprehensive coccidiosis control plan that outlines preventative measures, treatment protocols, and monitoring strategies.
• Collaboration: Working closely with veterinarians, nutritionists, and other agricultural professionals to ensure the plan is effective and adapted to your specific needs.
• Continuous Improvement: Regularly evaluating the effectiveness of your program and making adjustments as needed based on monitoring data and emerging research.

Conclusion: A Brighter Future for Calf Health

Calf coccidiosis has long been a formidable adversary for livestock producers, impacting animal health, welfare, and farm profitability. However, the advent of breakthrough treatments, coupled with a deeper understanding of parasite biology and host immunity, has ushered in a new era of effective control. Novel anticoccidials like toltrazuril and diclazuril, alongside advancements in vaccination strategies, nutritional support, and meticulous management practices, offer unprecedented opportunities to protect young calves from this devastating disease.

The journey from early sulfa drugs to the precision-targeted therapies of today highlights the power of scientific innovation. By embracing these new strategies, producers can significantly reduce the incidence

Thus I have discussed calf coccidiosis crisis breakthrough treatments saving young lives in depth in treatment Who knows this will be useful for you stay focused on your dreams and maintain heart health. please share this. see other content below.

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